The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists. [44], Some elongated protists have distinctive ends of the body. Directions, cross sections, and divisions of the human brain, https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&oldid=668439, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Early zoological and human anatomical studies occurred before modern understanding of the process of, Unlike most tetrapod vertebrates, humans are not, mid-point of inguinal ligament = mid-point between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, Atkins, B.T., Duval, A., Lewis, H.M.A., and Milne, R.C. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages can change position with respect to the main body, it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in its standard anatomical position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the uterus.[50][51]. Anterior and posterior, as used in medical/human anatomical descriptions are major sources of confusion to those accustomed to standard vertebrate directional terminology, and vice versa. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. [2], Deep (from Old English) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. The second, and larger, problem is caused by the very nature of animals. dividing ventral from dorsal) in a rat brain is referred to as transverse. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus 'due to depth'). Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron). In projectional radiography terminology, an anteroposterior (AP) projection is taken with the X-ray generator anteriorly (such as in the front of a human), and the X-ray detector posteriorly. [1] One reason is that humans have a different neuraxis and another is that unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the standard anatomical position, which is standing up with arms outstretched. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. During embryological development, the neuraxis is bent by various flexures, contributing to the mature structure of the brain and spinal cord. [59]. [42] [44] Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.
Volar (sometimes used as a synonym for "palmar") refers to the underside, for both the palm and the sole (plantar), as in volar pads on the underside of hands, fingers, feet and toes.
Sometimes the orientation of certain planes needs to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as sonography, CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin : dexter, lit. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. [3] An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. [2]. The DV axis, by definition, is perpendicular (at right angles to) the AP axis at all times. [3], Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. [56] Humans do not have a beak, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain; [57] humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. Similarly, a perpendicular transverse axis can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. However, for historical and other reasons, standard human directional terminology has several differences from that used for other bilaterally-symmetrical organisms. Peripheral (from Latin peripheria, originally from Ancient Greek) describes something further away from the centre of something. [45] Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always planktonic (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is sessile (normally attached to a surface).[60]. The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. "Anterior" and "posterior" can also be used as relative terms. In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm. [31] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.
Properly, this is called the dextro-sinistral (or, more uncommonly, the sinistro-dextral) axis, from the Latin dexter (right) and sinister (left). anatomical terms of location password to edit is password Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. In invertebrates, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms.
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. [65], Aspects of spider anatomy; This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae, Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest, In the Salticidae the AME are the largest, "Anterior" redirects here. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a direct that is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). [49] Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. [2], The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. [5], Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes: [2]. The terms oral "of the mouth" and aboral "away from the mouth" are also used. As with vertebrate directional terms, superior and inferior can be used in a relative sense in humans, but can not be uniformly applied to other organisms with varying normal anatomical positions. [3] Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. Nerve nets can be found in members of the Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata phyla, all of which are found in marine environments. [2] [1], Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". In practice, and contradictory to the practice with other anatomical terms of location, the vernacular "left-right" is preferentially used in English and some other languages.
In any tetrapod, the shoulders are cranial to the belly, but caudal to the eyes. [21] For example, in the anatomical position, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet.
[46] The position is often abbreviated. In such organisms, only terms such as superficial and deep, or sometimes proximal and distal, are usefully descriptive. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle). Unlike the situation in other vertebrates, the limbs (arms and legs) are placed in unnatural positions reminiscent of the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy. For example, take the face of a human being which has a plane of symmetry down its centre, or a pine cone with a clear symmetrical spiral pattern. [2] Thus, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. [17] Thus, the anteroposterior axis is preferred usage for describing the axis connecting the front and the back in humans.[18][19]. In anatomy, the sagittal plane, or longitudinal plane, is an anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts. This is a good approximation to the position where the subject is standing upright and facing forwards. All the eyes are on the carapace of the prosoma, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other taxa. [1] [36].
[1] In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.
The long or longitudinal axis is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. The X-axis axis is always forward (Tait-Bryan angles) and the right-hand rule applies. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location.
For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of the hand') is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand.
The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists. [44], Some elongated protists have distinctive ends of the body. Directions, cross sections, and divisions of the human brain, https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&oldid=668439, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Early zoological and human anatomical studies occurred before modern understanding of the process of, Unlike most tetrapod vertebrates, humans are not, mid-point of inguinal ligament = mid-point between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, Atkins, B.T., Duval, A., Lewis, H.M.A., and Milne, R.C. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages can change position with respect to the main body, it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in its standard anatomical position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the uterus.[50][51]. Anterior and posterior, as used in medical/human anatomical descriptions are major sources of confusion to those accustomed to standard vertebrate directional terminology, and vice versa. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. [2], Deep (from Old English) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. The second, and larger, problem is caused by the very nature of animals. dividing ventral from dorsal) in a rat brain is referred to as transverse. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus 'due to depth'). Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron). In projectional radiography terminology, an anteroposterior (AP) projection is taken with the X-ray generator anteriorly (such as in the front of a human), and the X-ray detector posteriorly. [1] One reason is that humans have a different neuraxis and another is that unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the standard anatomical position, which is standing up with arms outstretched. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. During embryological development, the neuraxis is bent by various flexures, contributing to the mature structure of the brain and spinal cord. [59]. [42] [44] Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.
Volar (sometimes used as a synonym for "palmar") refers to the underside, for both the palm and the sole (plantar), as in volar pads on the underside of hands, fingers, feet and toes.
Sometimes the orientation of certain planes needs to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as sonography, CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin : dexter, lit. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. [3] An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. [2]. The DV axis, by definition, is perpendicular (at right angles to) the AP axis at all times. [3], Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. [56] Humans do not have a beak, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain; [57] humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. Similarly, a perpendicular transverse axis can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. However, for historical and other reasons, standard human directional terminology has several differences from that used for other bilaterally-symmetrical organisms. Peripheral (from Latin peripheria, originally from Ancient Greek) describes something further away from the centre of something. [45] Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always planktonic (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is sessile (normally attached to a surface).[60]. The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. "Anterior" and "posterior" can also be used as relative terms. In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm. [31] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.
Properly, this is called the dextro-sinistral (or, more uncommonly, the sinistro-dextral) axis, from the Latin dexter (right) and sinister (left). anatomical terms of location password to edit is password Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. In invertebrates, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms.
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. [65], Aspects of spider anatomy; This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae, Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest, In the Salticidae the AME are the largest, "Anterior" redirects here. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a direct that is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). [49] Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. [2], The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. [5], Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes: [2]. The terms oral "of the mouth" and aboral "away from the mouth" are also used. As with vertebrate directional terms, superior and inferior can be used in a relative sense in humans, but can not be uniformly applied to other organisms with varying normal anatomical positions. [3] Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. Nerve nets can be found in members of the Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata phyla, all of which are found in marine environments. [2] [1], Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". In practice, and contradictory to the practice with other anatomical terms of location, the vernacular "left-right" is preferentially used in English and some other languages.
In any tetrapod, the shoulders are cranial to the belly, but caudal to the eyes. [21] For example, in the anatomical position, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet.
[46] The position is often abbreviated. In such organisms, only terms such as superficial and deep, or sometimes proximal and distal, are usefully descriptive. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle). Unlike the situation in other vertebrates, the limbs (arms and legs) are placed in unnatural positions reminiscent of the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy. For example, take the face of a human being which has a plane of symmetry down its centre, or a pine cone with a clear symmetrical spiral pattern. [2] Thus, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. [17] Thus, the anteroposterior axis is preferred usage for describing the axis connecting the front and the back in humans.[18][19]. In anatomy, the sagittal plane, or longitudinal plane, is an anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts. This is a good approximation to the position where the subject is standing upright and facing forwards. All the eyes are on the carapace of the prosoma, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other taxa. [1] [36].
[1] In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.
The long or longitudinal axis is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. The X-axis axis is always forward (Tait-Bryan angles) and the right-hand rule applies. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location.
For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of the hand') is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand.
[48] Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works.
The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists. [44], Some elongated protists have distinctive ends of the body. Directions, cross sections, and divisions of the human brain, https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&oldid=668439, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Early zoological and human anatomical studies occurred before modern understanding of the process of, Unlike most tetrapod vertebrates, humans are not, mid-point of inguinal ligament = mid-point between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, Atkins, B.T., Duval, A., Lewis, H.M.A., and Milne, R.C. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages can change position with respect to the main body, it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in its standard anatomical position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the uterus.[50][51]. Anterior and posterior, as used in medical/human anatomical descriptions are major sources of confusion to those accustomed to standard vertebrate directional terminology, and vice versa. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. [2], Deep (from Old English) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. The second, and larger, problem is caused by the very nature of animals. dividing ventral from dorsal) in a rat brain is referred to as transverse. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus 'due to depth'). Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron). In projectional radiography terminology, an anteroposterior (AP) projection is taken with the X-ray generator anteriorly (such as in the front of a human), and the X-ray detector posteriorly. [1] One reason is that humans have a different neuraxis and another is that unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the standard anatomical position, which is standing up with arms outstretched. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. During embryological development, the neuraxis is bent by various flexures, contributing to the mature structure of the brain and spinal cord. [59]. [42] [44] Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.
Volar (sometimes used as a synonym for "palmar") refers to the underside, for both the palm and the sole (plantar), as in volar pads on the underside of hands, fingers, feet and toes.
Sometimes the orientation of certain planes needs to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as sonography, CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin : dexter, lit. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. [3] An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. [2]. The DV axis, by definition, is perpendicular (at right angles to) the AP axis at all times. [3], Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. [56] Humans do not have a beak, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain; [57] humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. Similarly, a perpendicular transverse axis can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. However, for historical and other reasons, standard human directional terminology has several differences from that used for other bilaterally-symmetrical organisms. Peripheral (from Latin peripheria, originally from Ancient Greek) describes something further away from the centre of something. [45] Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always planktonic (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is sessile (normally attached to a surface).[60]. The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. "Anterior" and "posterior" can also be used as relative terms. In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm. [31] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.
Properly, this is called the dextro-sinistral (or, more uncommonly, the sinistro-dextral) axis, from the Latin dexter (right) and sinister (left). anatomical terms of location password to edit is password Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. In invertebrates, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms.
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. [65], Aspects of spider anatomy; This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae, Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest, In the Salticidae the AME are the largest, "Anterior" redirects here. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a direct that is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). [49] Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. [2], The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. [5], Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes: [2]. The terms oral "of the mouth" and aboral "away from the mouth" are also used. As with vertebrate directional terms, superior and inferior can be used in a relative sense in humans, but can not be uniformly applied to other organisms with varying normal anatomical positions. [3] Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. Nerve nets can be found in members of the Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata phyla, all of which are found in marine environments. [2] [1], Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". In practice, and contradictory to the practice with other anatomical terms of location, the vernacular "left-right" is preferentially used in English and some other languages.
In any tetrapod, the shoulders are cranial to the belly, but caudal to the eyes. [21] For example, in the anatomical position, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet.
[46] The position is often abbreviated. In such organisms, only terms such as superficial and deep, or sometimes proximal and distal, are usefully descriptive. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle). Unlike the situation in other vertebrates, the limbs (arms and legs) are placed in unnatural positions reminiscent of the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy. For example, take the face of a human being which has a plane of symmetry down its centre, or a pine cone with a clear symmetrical spiral pattern. [2] Thus, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. [17] Thus, the anteroposterior axis is preferred usage for describing the axis connecting the front and the back in humans.[18][19]. In anatomy, the sagittal plane, or longitudinal plane, is an anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts. This is a good approximation to the position where the subject is standing upright and facing forwards. All the eyes are on the carapace of the prosoma, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other taxa. [1] [36].
[1] In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.
The long or longitudinal axis is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. The X-axis axis is always forward (Tait-Bryan angles) and the right-hand rule applies. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location.
For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of the hand') is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand.
